I
initially set out to write about the German Enigma Machine and how it
worked, but as I was doing some research, two things happened: I
found a video that explains it better than I ever could, with an
actual WWII-era Enigma Machine, and I wound up doing some math that I
thought was somewhat interesting.
So
to start, I think you should watch this video about the Enigma
Machine:
Did
you watch it? If not, I'll give you one more chance:
Alright,
so in the video we saw that the Enigma Machine was a device used to
encrypt internal messages in the German military, and has an
extraordinary number of possible arrangements, each of which will
produce a different code. The Enigma code was broken through a
regimented and careful application of cleverness on the part of Alan
Turing and his team at Bletchley Park. I got to thinking however,
“what sort of team would have to be assembled to solve the Enigma
code through sheer human power and luck?”
This
rabbit hole was quite fun to descend into. I started with a few
assumptions for this scenario. Every person who was working on the
code had their very own enigma machine to work with, they could try a
new arrangement each 100 seconds, and they could work for 16 hours a
day. I also assumed that the infrastructure to feed, house and give
them water was in place. Alright, here is the number we started with:
158,962,555,217,826,360,000
159
quintillion. That is the number of possible arrangements the
enigma machine could be in, each would output a different code, and
only one of which would be correct. Oh, and it changed every single
day.
In
order to try every combination in the space of 24 hours, you would
need to try 1,840,000,000,000,000, or 1.8 quadrillion
arrangements per second.
If
one person can try one arrangement in 100 seconds, that means it will
take a force of 184 quadrillion people to try every arrangement in
the space of 24 hours, but that only if we work them 24 hours a day.
Adjusting for the workforce working 16 hour days, we can multiply 184
quadrillion by (4/3) to get 245 quadrillion
people.
So
we have ~ 2,350,000,000 people in the world (in 1945)
We
need 245,000,000,000,000,000.
Keen-eyed
readers will note that the second number is longer, so we are now
moving into a very hypothetical world. As long as we're not bound by
reality, lets go ahead and pack in our workforce across the entire
land area of earth (minus Germany), and lets pack them in at the
population density of current-day Tokyo (we are ignoring small facets
like food water, adequate shelter, etc...).
Land
area of Earth: 57.53 million km2
Land
area of Germany: 137,903 km2
Population
density of Tokyo: 1800 people per km2
1800
people per km2 *
( 57.53 million km2
– 137,903 km2)
This
gives us a population on our Super-Earth of about 100
billion people.
This means we would need 2.45 million Super-Earths to support our workforce.
This means we would need 2.45 million Super-Earths to support our workforce.
It
looks like we'll need to drain the oceans to beat the Nazis.
Due
to the fact that Earth's surface area is ¾ water, draining the
oceans gives us 3x the surface area we had using land alone (minus
Germany). We can now fit 400 billion people on each Mega-Super-Earth, and
now we need a quarter as many, or a little more than 600,000 Mega-Super-Earths.
While that many Earth-Sized objects can orbit many stars, we need to
restrict our Enigma team to one star in order to transmit the correct
code in time to implement a strategy. The nearest star to us is
Proxima Centauri, over 4 light years away. That is not close enough
to get information back to central in time to help the war effort.
The
question now becomes “Can 600,000 Earth-sized object orbit our sun
without bad things happening?” I talked to some
astronomers and astrophysicists here at CU Boulder, and the consensus
seems to be
“no.” When you put a lot of objects in similar orbits, most of
the bodies are ejected from the system, most of the rest collide with
each other, and quite a few will be engulfed by the star in the
middle of the system.
This
is the “Nice Model” of the solar system. About 3.8 billion years
ago many Kuiper belt objects were ejected from the system and Uranus
and Neptune switched places (at 30 seconds in the video). This area was much more sparsely
populated than our scenario would be.
This
doesn't happen immediately, so to wrap up, if you’re going to use
humans alone to solve Enigma, do it fast, and make it worth it.
There
are of course a few problems with this plan:
On
average, the code will be broken by midday. Sometimes you will get
lucky and solve it early on, and sometimes you wont be so lucky, and
it will take until late in the evening to break the code. Even with
this workforce, there will only be an average of 12 hours to actually
use the information obtained.
If
you have 245 quadrillion people united to defeat the axis powers, you
probably wouldn't even need to bother with the Enigma code. If each
person donated one strand of hair
(half a milligram), you
could bury Germany in 122 billion kilograms of human hair, which
would probably deter them. I wanted to figure out how many feet this
would be, but there aren't reliable figures for the packing
efficiency of average human hair, so I figured a head of hair (a wig)
weighs about 100 grams, and I could stuff one in a one liter bottle
giving it a density of 0.1 kg/liter. This means 122 billion kilograms
of hair could
cover Germany
to a depth of ~9 meters,
give or take a few orders of
magnitude.
So
now you know that...
If
you’re curious about the Enigma Machine itself, as well as the flaw
that turned out to be its undoing, there is another video that
describes how Turing and his team broke the code:
Cheers,
- Scott
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